Binary outcomes refer to a situation where there are only two possible outcomes, such as success or failure, yes or no, or alive or dead. In research, binary outcomes are often used in studies that involve comparing two groups or assessing the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention. Researchers typically use statistical methods such as logistic regression to analyze binary outcomes and determine the factors that influence the likelihood of each outcome occurring. This type of research is commonly used in medical studies, social sciences, and other fields where outcomes can be categorized into two distinct groups.